{"id":7164,"date":"2018-04-04T16:08:52","date_gmt":"2018-04-04T14:08:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/nuovo\/?p=7164"},"modified":"2021-01-30T17:40:44","modified_gmt":"2021-01-30T16:40:44","slug":"false-of-author-is-always-a-crime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/en\/false-of-author-is-always-a-crime\/","title":{"rendered":"The false of author is always a crime"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Recently, the Italian \u201cCorte di Cassazione\u201d has reaffirmed a principle which is peaceful in Italian case-law, namely that also the sale of goods bearing trademarks which are clearly false is an offense under Article 474 of the Italian Criminal Code.<\/p>\n<p><img src='https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/false-of-author.jpg' class='aligncenter' alt='false of author' width='465' height='290'\/><\/p>\n<p><div id=\"toc-np-container\"><p id=\"toc-np-title\">In this post we talk about:<\/p><ul class=\"no-bullets\"><li class=\"header-level-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/en\/false-of-author-is-always-a-crime\/#Relevant-law\">Relevant law<\/a><\/li><li class=\"header-level-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/en\/false-of-author-is-always-a-crime\/#False-of-author-and-public-faith\">False of author and public faith<\/a><\/li><li class=\"header-level-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/en\/false-of-author-is-always-a-crime\/#Further-judgments-about-the-false-of-author\">Further judgments about the false of author<\/a><\/li><li class=\"header-level-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/en\/false-of-author-is-always-a-crime\/#It-is-a-crime-even-if-you-inform-the-buyer-that-you-are-selling-a-fake\">It is a crime even if you inform the buyer that you are selling a fake<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Relevant-law\">Relevant law<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Article 474 of the Italian Criminal Code punishes both the conduct of those who introduce into the State, in order to gain profit, industrial products bearing <a href='https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/en\/\/what-is-a-trademark\/' class='' title='' target=''><strong>marks<\/strong> <\/a>or other distinctive signs, domestic or foreign, counterfeit or altered (penalty of imprisonment from one to four years and a fine from Euro 3,500 to Euro 35,000) and the conduct of who holds for sale, offers for sale or puts into circulation, in order to earn profits, industrial products bearing marks or other distinctive signs, domestic or foreign, counterfeit or altered (imprisonment up to two years and fine up to Euro 20,000).<\/p>\n<p>The case law admits that the crime even occurs when <a href='https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/en\/\/trademark-infringement-and-damages-in-italy\/' class='' title='' target=''><strong>counterfeiting<\/strong><\/a> is coarse.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"False-of-author-and-public-faith\">False of author and public faith<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In fact, the law wants to protect <strong>public faith<\/strong> as \u201c<em>confidence of citizens in trademarks and distinctive signs<\/em>\u201d.<br \/>\nIn its judgment 28423 of 27 April 2012, the Court already stated that:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\u201cThe legal interest protected by the article 473 and 474 of Criminal Code is the public faith in an objective sense, to be interpreted as the trust of citizens in the marks or distinctive signs that identify intellectual works or industrial products and guarantee their circulation, and not the trust of the individual, so that, for the existence of the crime is not necessary to create a situation likely to induce the customer in error on the genuineness of the product; on the contrary, in the presence of a counterfeiting, the crimes are configurable even if the buyer has been made aware by the seller of the lack of authenticity of the brand\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>the Italian Court of Cassation (judgment n.14090 of 8 April 2015) affirms that the crime occurs even when<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cthe falsity of the goods is clear and obvious, because the marking is for guarantying fair movement of goods on the economic market\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The law prohibits the reproduction of the registered trademark on an industrial product, and the \u201cCorte di Cassazione\u201d specifies that:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe confusion that the rule wants to avoid is between brands and not between products, that is, between the registered trademark and the sign illegally sold in a clearly <a href='https:\/\/registrare-marchio.com\/en\/\/deceptive-trademark\/' class='' title='' target=''><strong>deceptive<\/strong><\/a> way, since the law punishes the reproduction \u2013 without authorization \u2013 of the registered trademark on an industrial product: \u2026 the word \u201c<strong>false of author<\/strong>\u201d does not empty of criminal valence the counterfeiting, as the crime exists for the (ontologically misleading) illegal reproduction of the registered trademark \u2026the mere reproduction is itself sufficient to be a crime\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Even in the past (Corte di Cassazione n. 14876 of 9 January 2009) the Court had ruled for the existence of the crime under Article 474 of the criminal code despite the presence of the words \u201ccopy of author\u201d of products bearing counterfeit marks, because<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cit is a crime of danger and for its existence it is necessary only the attitude of the falsification to generate confusion, with reference not only to the time of purchase, but also to the subsequent use\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span id=\"Further-judgments-about-the-false-of-author\">Further judgments about the false of author<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There are many other judgments of the \u201cCorte di Cassazione\u201d claiming the same principle \u2013 namely that also the sale of a brand which is clearly false is a crime \u2013 and among these we mention, by way of example, the following:<\/p>\n<h3>Cassazione n. 15080 of January 12, 2012:<\/h3>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cWe have to reaffirm that the affixing of the words \u201cImitations of Author\u201d on industrial products bearing counterfeit marks does not exclude the integration of the offense under Article 474 c.p. (Cass.Pen., Section 5, 25.09.2008, n. 40556 with reference to the affixing of the different wording \u201cfac simile\u201d); in fact, the offense in exam constitutes a crime of danger against the public faith in which it is sufficient also the only attitude to create confusion, with reference not only to the moment of purchase, but also to the subsequent use of the product distinguished by the false trademark. Hence follows that you cannot speak of impossible crime when counterfeiting is coarse or even when the conditions of sale \u2013 for the price, the place of exhibition, the personal characteristics of the seller \u2013 are such as to exclude the reasonable possibility that customers being misled\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Cassazione n. 49643 of November 28, 2014:<\/h3>\n<blockquote><p>\u201c\u2026 We agree the interpretation according which there is the crime of Article 474 cp in case of keeping for sale of goods bearing counterfeit trademark with no relevance of the coarse counterfeiting, considering that Article 474 cp protects, primarily and directly, not the free determination of the purchaser, but the public faith \u2026it is a crime of danger and for its configuration it is not necessary the fulfillment of deceit, not being the impossible crime if the coarseness of the counterfeiting and the conditions of sale are such as to exclude the possibility that buyers are misled\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h3>Cassazione n. 33543 of October 5 2016:<\/h3>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThere exists the crime of Article 474 of the Criminal Code when the sale of products falsely marked and displayed along with the original ones; for this purpose, it is not relevant the fact that the buyers may have knowledge of the falsity of the brand\u2026it is not important that the buyer is actually deceived or even aware of the falsity, but only that the counterfeit trademark is liable to make the product apparently coming from a particular manufacturer\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><span id=\"It-is-a-crime-even-if-you-inform-the-buyer-that-you-are-selling-a-fake\">It is a crime even if you inform the buyer that you are selling a fake<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Also the seller who warns the buyer the mark is not original commits a crime<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cbecause the indictment wishes not to ensure the single buyer as such, but rather the movement of the goods bearing registered trademarks\u201d\u00ec<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>(Cassazione n.28423 of 27 April 2012).<\/p>\n<p>The Cassazione specifies that<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cthe criminal law does not defend, primarily and directly, the self-determination of the purchaser, but he public faith in the objective sense, understood as the trust of citizens in trademarks and distinctive signs, which identify the intellectual property and industrial products and ensure their circulation also for the protection of the trademark owner; it is, therefore, a crime of danger and for its configuration it is not necessary the realization of the deception, not being the crime \u201cimpossible\u201d if the coarseness of counterfeiting and the conditions of sale are such as to exclude the possibility that buyers can be deceived\u201d.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The sale of products bearing fake trademarks is always a crime even when there are the words \u201cfalse of author\u201d or when the buyer is informed that the product is fake. Let\u2019s find out why.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8225,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[102,100],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-copyright","category-counterfeits-and-misleading-indications"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The false of author is always a crime - Registrare Marchio<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The sale of products bearing fake trademarks is always a crime even when there are the words \u201cfalse of author\u201d or when the buyer is informed that the product is fake. 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